Four Degrees of Freedom (of Rotation) cont.

Introduction:Different solutions, to Einstein’s field equations, in pioneering works by Michael S. Morris[1] [40] [43] [61], Kip S. Thorne [1] [40] [43] [61], and Ulvi Yurtsever [1] [61], were found at the behest of a popular science fiction writer by the name of Carl Sagan. Carl wanted a method of moving a human character faster than light though not in a manner violating Relativity. However, there were others before Carl. The concept of Blackholes and wormholes were imagined almost as soon as Einstein published General Relativity. Schwarzschild, a mathematician, in the same year that they were published, found several solutions to Einstein’s equations.

In 1916, less than a year after Einstein had formulated his equations of the general theory,an Austrian, Ludwig Flamm, had realized that Schwarzschild's solution to Einstein's equations described a Blackhole connecting two regions of ‘flat’ spacetime, or two different points of the same universe. Einstein himself, working at Princeton with Nathan Rosen in the 1930s, had discovered that the equations seemed to actually represent a wormhole as a bridge between two regions of flat space-time a phenomenon known as an "Einstein-Rosen bridge".

Matt Visser [2] [4] [5] [36] [37] [41] [42] [54] [118] [119] [122] [123] [126] [128] [130] [131] has done much to add clarity to the subject of the variations of different methods that might produce wormholes and the various kinds of mathematics that go with them. As of this writing, [7], has come the closest to correctly describing a wormhole, without the advantage of actually seeing one form. Nor actually watch something disappear from their present spacetime point to a future/nearby spacetime point. Nor then watch the wormhole close. Only to find the object, that disappeared, a couple of days later, in a place they just looked at not more two hours before they left for breakfast, upon their return from said breakfast.There have been a number of tries using Euclidian [149] and Lorentzian [41] methods. There are others too numerous to detail here [3] [6] [8] [9] [10] [11 – 39] [44 – 53] [55 – 60] [62 – 117] [120] [121] [124] [125] [127] [129] [132 – 153].

The various branches of chemistry and mechanical physics have well defined matter in its various forms. The table of elements is an excellent example of the repeatable information about the different kinds of matter from a nucleus and electrons point of view. Particle physicists have tried to crack the proton and electron with some success, and have tried to map out the nature of particles, from a particle point of view, as to what goes into the makeup of any one particle that they have been able to make and detect in colliders. Astronomical observations have also added information to both chemistry and particle physics, and provides a ‘cosmological’ point of view and services Einstein’s GR.  String theorists have given us more ‘linear’ dimensions.